Espionage during the Cold War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Espionage during the Cold War - Essay Example s had a secret service that was quite developed and the ancient Chinese treatise on the art of war throws light on deception and intelligence gathering and says that all war is based on deception. Political espionage gained importance during the Middle Ages. Joan of Arc was betrayed by Bishop Pierre Cauchon, a spy employed by the English, and Sir Francis Walsingham is credited with developing an efficient political spy system for Queen Elizabeth I. In the modern age systematized espionage became an essential part of government in most countries. Joseph Fouchà © developed the first modern political espionage system, and Frederick II of Prussia is considered the founder of modern military espionage. Nathan Hale and Benedict Arnold became famous spies during the American Revolution. During the U.S. Civil War there was considerable use of spies and by World War I, all big powers except the United States had elaborate espionage systems. After World War II, espionage activity increased co nsiderably especially during the cold war between the United States and the former USSR. It has not stopped with that As Stephen Dalziel (2000) says â€Å"Anyone who thought that the end of the Cold War a decade or so ago would mean the end of espionage has received plenty of examples to show them that, Cold War or not, the worlds states want to know more about each other.† Though the Soviet Union was a temporary ally of the United States during World War II, things changed after the dropping of atomic bombs and by the late 1940s the Soviet Union and the United States became ideological opponents both striving to gain political, economic, social, and cultural dominance in the world. This non military rivalry came to be known as the â€Å"Cold War.† The Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union was unlike traditional wars where armies are used and shots are fired. It was a rivalry that was both tense and competitive. The war was a long war, lasting from 1945 to 1989.

Enzyme Activity Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Enzyme Activity - Lab Report Example The researcher states that enzymes are protein molecules with a three-dimensional shape that includes an active site whose shape is complementary to the shape of the substrate. For this reason, each enzyme is specific to the type of substrate and reaction that it can catalyze. Several factors affect the rate of enzyme activity. They include temperature, enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, and pH. Enzymes, being made of proteins, are sensitive to factors that affect the structure and function of proteins. Therefore, each type of enzyme has an optimum range of temperature and pH at which it exhibits maximum activity. Any deviation from the optimum pH of an enzyme leads to interactions of the charged groups of the amino acids in the active site of the enzyme, which leads to a distortion of the enzyme active site that consequently lowers catalysis. For example, the enzyme catalase is responsible for the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water. Therefore, the amoun t of oxygen produced is proportional to the activity of catalase. Hence, it is important to measure the amount of oxygen produced to measure the activity of catalase. Three test tubes were filled with 4ml of catalase and 2ml of distilled water while three other test tubes were filled with 5ml of hydrogen peroxide. The tubes containing peroxide and catalase were labeled as 2oC, 37oC, and 80oC. A plastic tube was then filled with cold tap water to an approximate depth of 3 to 4 inches after which the temperature of the water was adjusted to between 37 and 40oC using warm water. 50ml graduated cylinders were then prepared by submerging them in the water tubs and allowing them to fill without any air bubbles. The cylinder was then put upside down with its mouth submerged. The cylinder was then put on a ring stand and secured in position with the mouth just below the surface of the water.